Why Mental Health Disorders Co-Exist With Substance Use

Why Mental Health Disorders Co-Exist With Substance Use Addiction Print Why Mental Health Disorders Co-Exist With Substance Use By Sherri Gordon facebook twitter Sherri Gordon is a published author and a bullying prevention expert. Learn about our editorial policy Sherri Gordon Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on June 10, 2015 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on July 05, 2019 iStockphoto   More in Addiction Alcohol Use Addictive Behaviors Drug Use Nicotine Use Coping and Recovery The numbers do not lie. Mental illness and addiction often overlap. In fact, nearly 9  million people have a co-occurring disorder according to the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Yet, only 7 percent of these individuals get treatment for both conditions. And nearly 60 percent receive no treatment at all. Understanding Comorbidity Comorbidity refers to the fact that  two conditions, such as mental illness and substance abuse, often co-exist together. What this means is that in many people with addictions, there  is an underlying mental health issue as well. While neither condition actually causes the other, they do often exist together. Whats more, one condition can exacerbate the symptoms of the other. To better understand how comorbidity is possible, it helps to recognize that both are chronic brain diseases. In other words, when someone struggles with an addiction, their brain has been permanently rewired by the substance they abused. This, in turn, causes the brain to function differently than before. Just like diabetes or heart disease, a person with an addiction must manage his condition for the rest of his life. It is not as simple as stopping the drug use or alcohol condition. Many times, this is simply not possible. Likewise, the changes that take place in the brain due to substance abuse occur in the same brain areas that are impacted by depression, anxiety, schizophrenia, and bipolar disorder. Consequently, it should not be surprising that there is a high rate of comorbidity between addiction and other mental illnesses. While scientists have yet to prove a direct link, some mental health issues increase the risk factors for substance abuse. What this means is that  some people with mental illnesses will turn to alcohol or drugs to cope with the pain of their  mental health issues. Why Addiction and Mental Illness Co-Occur Even though there is a high rate of comorbidity between addiction and mental illness, it does not mean that one caused the otherâ€"even if one condition appeared first. Instead, there  are still a number of factors that need to be considered, according to the National Institute on Drug Abuse. For instance: Drug abuse can cause people to experience one or more symptoms of another mental illness. For example, there is an increased risk of psychosis in some marijuana users.Mental disorders can lead to drug or alcohol abuse because some people use substances to self-medicate. For instance, tobacco products sometimes lessen the symptoms of schizophrenia and may improve cognition. There also is some evidence that indicates that addictions and mental illnesses are caused by underlying brain deficits, genetic influences, and/or exposure to trauma early in life.? For instance, it is estimated that  40 to 60 percent of a persons vulnerability to addiction can be attributed to genetics. There also  are several regions of the human genome that have been linked to an increased risk both for substance abuse and mental illness. Another common factor between mental health issues and addiction is the age at which the symptoms appear. During the teen years, people are still developing, maturing, and growing. As a result, significant changes in the brain occur during adolescence. For instance, teenagers are more prone to take risks and act impulsively. These behaviors, while common among teens, can influence the  risk of addiction and other mental disorders. Finally,  people who are physically or emotionally traumatized are at a much higher risk of substance abuse and possibly even addiction. This connection is particularly concerning for veterans returning to the country. In fact, one in five military servicemen and women coming back from Iraq and Afghanistan have reported symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) or major depression. Some studies suggest that half of all veterans diagnosed with PTSD also have a co-occurring substance abuse problem. Why It Is Difficult to Diagnose Both Conditions Co-occurring disorders are sometimes difficult to diagnose. One reason is that the symptoms are often complex and can vary in severity. As a result, it is not uncommon for  people to receive treatment for one disorder while the other disorder remains untreated. Sometimes this happens because the symptoms are so similar or overlap. In other words, both mental health issues and addiction can have similar biological, psychological, and social components. Another reason for not diagnosing both conditions might include inadequate  training or screening.  In any case, the consequences of undiagnosed, untreated, or undertreated co-occurring disorders can lead to a higher likelihood of experiencing homelessness, jail time, medical illnesses, and even suicide. Whats more, people with mental health issues who also abuse substances like drugs or alcohol are at an increased risk for impulsive or violent acts. They are also are more likely to develop an addiction and end up in legal trouble. And achieving lasting sobriety is  increasingly difficult for them. Treatment When Comorbidity Exists Research suggests that co-occurring  conditions need to be treated at the same time. In fact, for the best outcome, it helps when people with both an addiction and a mental health issue  receive integrated treatment. With integrated treatment, doctors and counselors can address and treat both disorders at the same time. This, in turn, often lowers treatment costs and creates better outcomes for patients. Whats more, early detection and treatment of both conditions can greatly improve the persons recovery and  quality of life. However, it is important to note that  people who have both an addiction  and another mental illness often have symptoms that are more persistent, severe  and resistant to treatment compared with patients who have either disorder alone. For this reason, maintaining sobriety may be very difficult for them. Get Treatment From the 9 Best Online Therapy Programs A Word From Verywell Making a correct diagnosis of both an addiction and a mental health issue is vitally important to a patients success. When this occurs, his chance of recovery increases. ?But there needs to be increased awareness of comorbidity for this to occur. Too many times, one of the conditions goes undiagnosed and untreated.  Once the treatment for co-existing conditions improves though, this will help reduce the social stigma that makes people so reluctant to pursue the treatment that they need.

Corporate Governance From The Failure Of Lehman Brothers Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2382 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Narrative essay Did you like this example? Lehman Brothers one of the big financial services company was founded during the year 1850 filed its bankruptcy protection during September 2008. Numerous reasons caused this financial investment firm to cripple through the financial turmoil. The court ordered an external examiner to conduct an investigation by giving out ten requirements to guide him through his investigation about the issues of litigation and any breaches of law that might have occurred. Mr Anton R. Valukas the chairman of Jenner Block has taken up the task of investigation and conducted 100s of interviews and searched through the companys files and documents about a year costing $38 million. Mr. Valukas generated 2200 pages of document about his findings of investigation. This article discusses about the learnings in regards to corporate governance from the failure of Lehman Brothers and the scenario of Australia in comparison with America considering the regulations by regulatory authoriti es and relevant legislation controlling the financial services sector. Corporate governance learnings: The document by examiner raises the flaws in the corporate governance those have to be reviewed to avoid such collapses in future. The major findings of investigation as per the examiner which are relevant to problems addressing the corporate governance are Risk Management and relevant disclosures by management to the board and issues of relevant internal controls. Deficiencies in stress testing scenarios. The need for disclosures to board of directors. Remuneration of top executives tied to short-term performance. Those listed out findings are further discussed in brief about surrounding issues by comparing what happened and the suggestions to avoid the occurrence of these problems in future. Risk Management and relevant disclosures by management to the board and issues of relevant internal controls: The risk models used by LBHI had number of assumptions resulting to inaccurate results, but still the major reason being the usage of information within the organisation had flaws. The board and the management of Lehman Brothers started to adopt the high risk taking business strategies. The understanding of the risks involved in financial instruments like collateralised debts, sub-prime lending, and derivatives was insufficient and lack of appropriate control procedures to lessen those risks. The board had not asked a question to management about the risk handling strategies and the models used to calculate the risk even thought one of the primary principles being overseeing the risk management system for investment firms. The boards supervision of issues relating to risk has to be strengthened. The usage of risk model which is dynamic with respect to market changes addresses the current scenario better than using a old static model with limitations. The board should have a combination of directors with different skills which are ne eded for that particular firm. One of the directors with technical knowledge of risk related issues would have helped to identify the red flags much earlier allowing them to take appropriate actions to overcome the problem. The lack of systematic procedures to communicate potentially significant business risks through effective channels weighs down to the issue of corporate governance. The board of directors should clearly establish the accountability and responsibilities right through the organisation. The lack of internal controls which can raise red flags to management while dealing transactions which lead to exceeding the risk limits of organisation helps in avoiding those transactions. The management and officers have taken very risky decisions based on their intent and pas experience about how it might result rather than analysing the situation based on the quantitative facts. Therefore the practice of every significant transaction with supporting documents which incl udes fact based analysis has be prepared and approved by relevant authority. Lack of timely action: The management and board along with the government thought the effect of crisis is short term and therefore LBHI went on to acquire risky investments increasing their risk appetite without actually calculating their capacity based on the relevant facts. Later they realised effects and took actions to bring down the leverage ratio, but due to lack of liquid assets and anticipation of losses in getting rid of illiquid assets further troubled. Deficiencies in stress testing scenarios: LBHI always used the testing scenarios in deciding whether to practise a particular transaction was value the risk it carries. They also used its risk management system to promote the firms capabilities to credit rating agencies, potential investors and regulating government bodies. The scenarios used had lot of assumptions which biased the actual calculations from the reality. They excluded inc luding the effects of financial instruments like commercial real estate investments, leveraged loans, and private equity instruments leaving a big gap in analysing the risks posed by these securities. Therefore they ended up acquiring very risky options which created significant problems. Later when they included all those instruments the risk well exceeded the risk appetite of LBHI forcing them to reduce the leverage but that was too late to construct the damages caused. Gathering more information about the wide range of risk measures, different perspectives of similar risks helps in more effective measurement and effective communication across the organisation from board to managers leaves in better situation. Lehman Brothers had good rules and self governing rules in place but when it came to following those rules in business decisions the management failed to do so. For example, the management exceeded the single transaction limit policy to favour the handling of large deals. Instead of just keeping the rules and policies to books and constitution of a firm, having internal controls which do not allow overriding these rules avoids the problem. The need for disclosures to board of directors: The disclosure by the management of the impacts of transactions and strategies both in terms of positive as well as negative consequences to the board helps them to take the better decisions due to the available information. The lack of information about the negative effects and the way the risk model is calculated disabled the directors from good business decisions. If the management would have provided the board with all the relevant disclosures have raised red flags about the situation forcing to act quicker to recover the situation by reducing the overall risk taken by firm. Therefore the board of directors should have access to the timely, relevant and accurate information. Proper foresight and forecasts by senior management should be practised. I t can also be done by including CRO to occupy the position on the board and reviewing the risks management issues during meetings gives a good guidance. The combination of competence of board of directors has to be addressed since the right combination helps discussing about different views in analysing the different situations. Remuneration of top executives tied to short-term performance: Many firms practice the method of calculating the remuneration of top executives based on their performance which is obtained from their financial statements, therefore tying down to short-term performance rather than long-term goals. This method of practicing is discouraging those who act favouring long-term sustainability of firm and provides incentive to accept those strategies which boosts the revenues in short-term but they might cause serious risks later. Therefore the calculation should also consider the risk factor and should encourage the long-term perspective. The CROs pay usua lly is not tied with their performance, the provision of tying CROs remuneration in relation to their performance also provides an incentive to act in favour of building a robust risk methods. Comparison of American situation to Australia: The major distinction of Australian situation was the financial markets were in good shape with good governance of ASIC and APRA the two regulating authorities of Australia. The Australian economy had a robust growth, very stable financial system, lesser unemployment rate and a little inflation rate. There is no issue of too big to fail and Australia doesnt have financial institutions as big as LBHI. The sub-prime market in Australia accounted for less than 1% of financial instruments unlike the England, U.S mortgage industry and many other countries. The rate of arrears for loans was lesser in Australian case on comparison with American which is mainly due to the features of the loans offered. The Australian market did not offered risky loan structures like offering lower introductory interest rates for a period of time. The intense competition in banking sector in U.S caused offering high-risk loans and lower price. Major Australian financial services sector maintained potential strength in balance sheets and stayed away from smaller amount viable financial disinterested parties. The Australian legislative system allows the lender to acquire the loan repayments not only through proceeding of sale of collateral but also other personal if the given collateral alone was not sufficient, therefore providing a stronger inducement to repay the loan. The lower unemployment rate also facilitated the Australian economy unlike the huge layoffs of American scenario. The laws in Australia in relation to insolvency trading, liquidation are very stringent. As per the corporations law if the director trades during insolvency is considered as breach of directors duties, if any directors found guilty in breach of directors du ties are held responsible for the losses therefore it prompts to appoint administrator. The administrator takes charge of the entire firm where he analyses and negotiates with creditors about the possibilities and director is not entitled to any role unlike American case where director still runs the company. The failure in corporate governance and risk management, weakness in regulatory frameworks caused the collapse of Lehman Brothers. ASIC (Australian Securities and Investment Commission): The objective of ASIC is to endeavour to preserve, facilitate and improve the performance of the financial system and the entities operating within that system. ASIC also promotes the confidence in investors and consumers by information transparency in securities offered. All the financial service providers must possess a licence from ASIC therefore enabling ASIC to monitor the activities. The working standards and employing competent staff for responsible roles forms a usual guide lines under ASIC. ASIC works based on corporations law and ASIC act for corporate governance and the conduct of the companies with respect to the share holders and beneficiaries. There is no off balance sheet vehicles or short-term loans provided in the Australian regulatory framework. Therefore any changes or deviation from AASB has to state properly by giving out the reasons for non-compliance and the method used with adequate disclosures. Directors breach of fiduciary duties and as long as they are not protected by business judgement rule the directors are subjected to forgo the losses incurred. The business judgement rule protection in Delaware courts was very broadly protecting directors with the need for stronger evidence. In Australian case it doesnt protect as well as it was with Delaware courts law. Regulations need to be considered by ASIC in light of the collapse of the financial institution Lehman Brothers. The usage of Repo 105 transaction and any other off balance sheet vehicles are to be disclosed with clear description of the methods used. Any such accounting gimmicks are to be prohibited in first place. The flaws in the accounting framework regarding ahs to be addressed to resolve the way of calculating and the relevant disclosures has to be clearly stated. As the corporations law has described the role of directors similarly the description of role of senior management officers and their responsibilities puts some pressure on their duty to deliver. The requirement to communicate all the facts to the board must be held as one of the duties. Need to formulate rules concerning the corporate governance issues in respect to both management and directors duties have to be reviewed. APRA (Australian Prudential Regulations Authority): The role of APRA is to protect depositors, superannuation fund members and insurance policy holders but not the share holders. The role of APRA is to promote robust risk management and prudent be haviour. The Australia had thought about Basel committee during 2004 on banking regulation is working to set up shock absorbers into capital frameworks. When the board doesnt understand the high risk products and how to mitigate the effects it is advised to not to invest on those products. The good governance is important for any organisation. The calculation of risk appetite was flawed in the LBHIs case leaving gap for institutions to develop their own. But in APRAs case the regulations has generally avoided certain short comings but development of quantitative methods. The local regulating bodies like APRA worked towards improving the market condition. A few initiatives are to reduce the complexity of products, transparency of securities offered, enhancing the role of credit rating agencies. Certain issues to be addressed by regulators included based on the Lehman Brothers collapse are: The capital requirements for investment firms has to be reviewed, there should be a regulations towards controlling the leverage ratios. The whole banking system is based on mitigating the risk and gaining the profits appropriate to risk, since risk is the critical issue for investment firms that should be managed by distributing the risk. Regulators should impose restrictions on high-risk business strategies by imposing a cap on total allowed risk at any time. The financial firms have to get the approval from regulators about the risk model usage and adaptive stress testing scenarios. The prudential regulator APRA making proposals on remuneration emphasising on financial stability and long-term growth. All the entitys personnel involved in decision making which affects the share holders are included in remuneration plan. Legislative provisions: So for the global financial crisis has not provided much changes to the Australian legislation. The Australian corporate governance and other regulatory bodies have well handled the global financial crisis w ith less impact on the economy. Conclusion: The Too Big To Fail financial services firm Lehman Brothers collapse has focussed the flaws in corporate governance, risk management strategies, and effects of age old off balance vehicles i.e., the accounting standards are learnings for the future. Many regulations and law reforms are developed from the problems the world faced as they form like Sarbanes-Oxley act which caused the formulation of internal controls as a standard. Therefore this collapse also comes out with well regulated rules and robust methods to handle the stress and limitations on risk taking are necessary. The part of law which governs the issues discussed in this article is corporations act 2001. Other regulatory frameworks which require review are prudential regulation, Accounting standards, corporate governance issues. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Corporate Governance From The Failure Of Lehman Brothers Finance Essay" essay for you Create order

Steps Risk Management Process ( I- Preparation ) - 1318 Words

Steps risk management process I- Preparation: It includes planning process and maps the scope of work and the foundation which will be adopted in the risk assessment as well as the definition of a framework for the process and the agenda for analysis. II- risk identification: At this stage, it is to identify the importance of risk. A risk is an event when access leads to problems and it can begin to identify the risks of the source of the problems, or the problem itself. When you know the problem or source of the accidents that result from this source or those that could lead to a problem that can be searched. Common ways to get to know the risks are: - Identification based on objectives: The organizations and teams working on the project all have goals, what happened shows the achievement of these objectives to risk either partially or fully considered dangerous. - Identification based on the scenario: in the scenario analysis process is the creation of different scenarios may be alternative ways to achieve a certain goal or an analysis of the interaction between the forces of the market or a battle, so any event that generates different from that envisioned and undesirable scenario, defined as dangerous . - Selection based on Category: and is a breakdown of all potential sources of risk. - Reviewing common pitfalls: In many institutions, there are lists of potential risks. III- Rating: After learning about the potential risks should be the process of evaluating its placeShow MoreRelatedAmerican Idol Case632 Words   |  3 PagesCase 2.1 American Idol: A Big Hit for Marketing Research? 1. 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The Sports Marketing Free Essays

The sports marketing literature suggests that consumers of sport have unique relationships with their favourite teams. The high level of support from fans, team identification and emotional attachment towards sport clubs have often been associated with the term ‘Engagement’. Highly engaged fans are likely to develop behaviours such as positive word of mouth, displays of supporting the sport, consumer to consumer interactions and reading information about the team online, or in newspapers and books. We will write a custom essay sample on The Sports Marketing or any similar topic only for you Order Now Football fans today are often not satisfied with just watching games, the fans want to be fully involved in the content. For football marketing, this ends up taking the fans that extra mile, this may include behind-the-scene experience or helping fans get to know the players. The aim for this report is to give the football community a better understanding on how football clubs can better engage with their fans. This will include different engagement techniques such as Giving your fans a voice, getting fans involved while they are young, knowing your target and recognizing loyalty and how to engage year-round. Give your fans a voice: Every club should give their fans a voice, this isn’t only helping the club engage with their fans better, but it is allowing the club to get a direct insight into what the fans want, pay attention to their thoughts, trending ideas, questions and reactions. This is not only important for the club, but it is important for the fans as well as they want to feel part of the club and want their thoughts to be heard or applied within the club. Fan councils have helped a number of clubs connect with their fans. Teams are now able to use insights directly from fans to drive season ticket sales, sponsorships, marketing investments and brand engagement. In 2013 Media post conducted a survey with 1000 randomly selected adults. The results found were that fans do not feel that their opinions are being heard by their club. In fact, only 45% of fans agreed that their club was actually interested in hearing their opinions. Even worse, only 33% of fans said that they actually listen to their feedback. These findings show what major gap in how fans are currently being engaged with. However a stat that was very surprising was 30% of the fans switched their favourite team in the past year and 22% of fans reported that they would consider switching teams next year as they feel they have no say in their club and they don’t feel apart of the club they are supporting. According to Media Post, the 7 key reasons a club should give their fans a voice are: Fans are cheering for more than a team’s performance Fans want to be engaged throughout the year Fans are willing to switch favourite teams, and there are still â€Å"floaters† to attract Teams can optimize marketing investments There is an opportunity to provide added value and deepen relationships with sponsors and advertisers Listening to fans enables teams to measure and increase brand value Fan engagement drives the season ticket sales funnel Get the fans involved while they are young: To be a successful club and to have high quality fan engagement you would have to get the fans involved while they are young. This is important as no other experience can replicate the connection that a young boy or girl form with a club. This is a big thing because when you engage with a young fan they will remember the moment for most of their life. This is a big part in their life as when they share the moment they had with their friends or family, or even with their own children one day. Engaging with a young child would be beneficial for the club as many young fans have a hunger for knowledge and experiences, they are still trying to figure out their course. Helping to piece together a roadmap that may even lead to a life in professional sports can go a long way. Teams can also offer fans more opportunities to gather together. These events stir up civil pride, build excitement and may also sell a few more tickets to the games. The natural inclination to gather, can deliver a massive leap towards a relationship with young fans. Younger fans ask questions of players and executives at fan events, it doesn’t take long before you hear a variation of, â€Å"How do I follow in your footsteps?† Creating a meaningful connection with young people isn’t just about what’s on their screen, its about the experiences and the knowledge they can get from the experiences. Don Sabo, a youth-sports researcher and professor at D’Youville College in Buffalo, found that 61% of boys and 34% of girls across all grades say that sports are a large part of who they are. This statistic is very important as it shows how important sport is to children. This is useful as it shows how important sport is for them, this is useful for clubs as it would show them how they should start engaging while they are young, as this is when most of the children want to care and want to learn about sport. Know your Audience and recognise loyalty:As a soccer club you’ve got to recognize each fan, and be able to tell them apart, you also need to reward them and record each of their fan interactions. This is a big part while engaging with your fans as they don’t just want to be called fans and treated the same as everyone fan. They want to feel special and this is one way which you could make them feel that way. By recognizing your fans and rewarding them, this would give them more motivation to come out and support the team, this would also help as you are engaging with your fans and it could get more fans to come along as they feel like the club is more of a family then a club. Some clubs have already taken this into account and thought of ways to better involve their fans. The Seattle Sounders have implemented a loyalty program called Match pass, and they have said that this strengthens their relationship and create a lifelong brand champion. This allows the season ticket holder to get a lot back from their club. The match pass includes watching the last 20 minutes of the match from the side of the pitch, sitting in the broadcast booth and watching the game with the broadcasters and being a part of the starting XI team photo. This is a simple way to get your fans involved with the club as it isn’t costing the club any extra money and it rewards the fans with experiences money can’t buy. To make this an effective engagement strategy the team would be required to put in some extra work and may be required to develop deeper understanding of the fans. Sites such as Dugout are dedicated to behind-the-scenes footage and exclusive content. Teams such as Arsenal, Barcelona and Bayern Munich, amongst others have got involved with Dugout. This includes player or team challenges and allows the users to access the content before it appears anywhere else. Engage year round: Football clubs should engage with their fans all year round, as engaging with your fans shouldn’t start when the season starts. Clubs should engage all year round while the season is over the fans might feel like they aren’t involved with the club and the club doesn’t care about their supporters. By engaging all throughout the off season this will help the fan feel more apart of the club and may even call the club their second family. The football club should always look for ways to improve the fans experience. If you go to a game, giant screens around the ground to give you a better glimpse of the on-field action. This also helps the fan miss none of the game as if they leave their seats to go to the cafeteria they could watch the giant screen and miss none of the action. Providing Wi-Fi access to the fans also helps as it gives fans a way to communicate and feel more part of the game. Many fans follow their team throughout the entire annual cycle. From preseason through the trade deadline, and even during the offseason. There are still times in the season that marketing can target can target to get their fans involved with the team and the brand. Even though the team may not be playing. Realistically sports teams won’t be able to keep fans engaged year-round, but by listening to your fans and hearing what the fans are looking for at certain time of the year, teams can enhance what they offer and how they can engage in different ways. Conclusion: Football clubs need to consider the fans and make more interesting and exciting ways to engage with their fans. This is important as football isn’t just about watching the game, it is about the fans as well. If there weren’t any fans purchasing merchandise, memberships or the clubs stadium isn’t even getting filled if this continues to happen then more clubs would have to file for bankruptcy. Plenty of clubs have become bankrupt some of these include Parma, Chelsea, Leeds and Portsmouth. To keep clubs going and the fans happy to invest their money into the club there needs to be better fan engagement strategies introduced such as getting direct insight into what the fans want, by getting the fans involved while they are young, recognizing each fan and rewarding them for their fan interactions. How to cite The Sports Marketing, Papers

Sociology Essays (1149 words) - Sociological Paradigms,

Sociology Sociology in the Digital Age, From a Personal Experience The introduction of the Internet and mobile connectivity has entered society at an alarming rate in recent years. In early 2012, 88% of Singaporeans own a smartphone (Blackbox, 2012), with the figures easily larger today. In the midst of adapting to this change, we find ourselves starting to probe into issues arisen from the how technology start to affect the way we human beings socialize amongst ourselves. As a result of this rapid remolding of the social structure, there are beliefs that the technological intrusion may be causing gradual inapplicability of sociological concepts. In this essay however, I will seek to critically examine my personal experience with and without the Internet, demonstrating how sociological explanations is still relevant and also complementary to technology. In an instance where a sociological explanation is valid, the paradigm shift pre to post digital age merely alters the application of the theory to appear in an alternate form. In an affluent country like Singapore with strong economic capital, it possesses a culture where students are very competitive for high academic standards. Emile Durkeims functionalist theory is relevant in this context, where research showed that 80% of parents would be very willing to provide their children with external tuition such that it would be improving their academic achievements effectively (Blackbox, 2012). Research also revealed that most parents who provide their children with tuition solely to give them an edge over others are those that possess higher economic capital (Blackbox, 2012). This in turn allowed me to understand the rising trend in online coursewares which I have noticed while preparing for my tests. It is clear that despite technology starting to embrace the way we learn, the learni ng tools would simply undergo a change in form, but the demand would not if society remains functionalist. In an economy highly driven by data analytics, it is of a concern that macro decisions are relying heavily on Big Data. In order for progress and positive social impact, decisions should be made from a healthy balance between quantitative and qualitative research. The problem with performing quantitative research alone is that if the prediction goes wrong, it would be difficult to justify the root cause. Figuring out the perfect algorithm or finding the right data to measure would be too inefficient and costly. Thus, a combination of quantitative and qualitative would be ideal. The recent release of a sales record breaking game GTA 5 showed how the developers shaped a huge portion of their game based on sociological understanding. By developing a co-operative concept for their online multiplayer mode, they allowed gamers to feel as if they belong to a special social group as a result of their play (Foster, 2012). It is notable that they crafted the ranking system that builds on the p layers social capital i.e. the more tasks they perform with other players, the larger their network, the wealthier they will be. I personally felt that I developed camaraderie with a stranger online in the game while we robbed a bank in-game together to progress up the ranks. It was an unprecedented experience. Moreover, their offline single-player mode shifted from single character in their previous series, to a group of characters where you could control either one of them at any one time. The developers then used data analytics to understand the demand for their online servers, and prepared themselves long beforehand, allowing them to meet the demand despite it being an record breaking number which no other gaming companies have ever successfully hosted. This balance thus prove that a pioneering technology, GTA 5 in this instance, would require complementary sociological concepts to achieve success. To understand how the societal forces affect an individual in the digital age, one possible way can be via observation of the connected world from a disconnected perspective. During my experience without the internet, I observed about 80% of passersby either holding on to their smartphones or using them. I could perceive that it was rather habitual for them to remain connected at all times. Indeed, because I was also accustomed to being constantly connected, I was able to relate to their actions and perhaps also the reasons

Counseling Psychology Essay Example

Counseling Psychology Essay Example Counseling Psychology Paper Counseling Psychology Paper My grim determination to pursue a career in psychology has been a lifelong dream. Since I was in my teens, I have always been interested in how a human brain works. In fact, observing human behavior was my favorite pastime. I remember rather well how I would observe other people and compare their reactions to identical stimuli and then asked myself why? For instance, why did Mrs. A spank her 8-year-old son when she caught him lying, and Mrs. B did not? Since I saw that both Mrs. A and Mrs. B were very angry at their sons for lying, why the difference in their reactions? In such situations, the reasons behind the behavior of people, why they acted the way they did, always fascinated me. Although I was not yet fully aware at the time, I believe that my preoccupation with people’s behavior resulted from my personal circumstances. I lost my father to alcohol addiction when I was only 12 years old. Perhaps, subconsciously, I might have even placed part of the blame on my mother because I could not recall her saying or doing anything to help my father overcome his addiction. I always wondered why she tolerated my dad’s alcohol habit while our neighbors would often be heard arguing and shouting at one another every time the husband would arrive home drunk. This led me to ask myself what made mom different from the wife next door. (Now that I know that my mom was what is now called a classic enabler, I am sure that her being one certainly supported, if not actually encouraged my dad in pursuing his alcohol habit. ) Later, I would always resort to asking myself the same question whenever I would observe variant behaviors from people in our locality. For instance, when I heard that another man was discovered to be an alcoholic or a drug addict, I would wonder if his children felt the way I and my siblings felt before. Growing up in a family which was rendered dysfunctional by an alcoholic father and later with a single mother who was struggling with four children had been difficult. Things never came easy, but through sheer, hard work, I succeeded in making something of myself. I know that I worked hard for it, but I could not help thinking that I had been lucky as well. I could not help thinking of other children of families rendered dysfunctional by some forms of addiction. This thought started my self awareness. I began asking myself what really motivated me and why I do the things I do. Finally, I realized that what I really wanted was to help troubled children coming out of dysfunctional families. I was convinced that children who experienced what I went through but who were not as lucky as I have been need all the help they can get. So I took every opportunity that would lead me to this path. I first worked as a case manager for a community health center. Then I managed a youth home for troubled girls sentenced to the program through Youth Services. After that I worked with the prevention unit of another community health center. The financial demands of bringing up two sons, however, forced me to redirect my attention to my own family’s financial needs, so I started a retail business that would enable me to provide for my two sons adequately. However, after seven years, my lifelong passion resurfaced. I realized that I simply cannot turn my back on those people who need help and counseling. I decided to go back to pursuing my passion by attending a counseling program to better equip me in my desire to help troubled people. But first, in 2006, I completed a certification program in hypnosis and acquired a credential for certified hypnotist because I am certain that the skill would prove helpful later. My ultimate objective is to acquire a master’s degree in psychology and have a career in counseling psychology. I am aware that a career in counseling psychology could be very physically exhausting, emotionally draining, and involves long hours of work. However, these drawbacks are certainly offset by its most significant advantage: self-fulfillment. I know that helping people through counseling psychology will be the only career that would fulfill my lifelong dream. Besides, I get to be my own boss once I enter private practice. (Careers in Clinical and Counseling Psychology, n. d. ) Reference Careers in Clinical and Counseling Psychology. (n. d. ). Retrieved August 19, 2007, from wcupa. edu/_academics/sch_cas. psy/Career_Paths/Clinical/Career03. htm

3 More Types of Usage Errors

3 More Types of Usage Errors 3 More Types of Usage Errors 3 More Types of Usage Errors By Mark Nichol In each of the sentences below, a word has been misused or is ambiguous, affecting the clarity of the statement. Each example is followed by a discussion explaining the problem and a solution to it. 1. His follow-up comment only further inflamed their passions about his perceived sleight against the higher art. The error in this sentence is homophonic; a word that sounds like but is spelled differently from another word (and, more significantly, has a different meaning) has been used in its place. Sleight is a noun meaning â€Å"craftiness† or â€Å"skill†; it stems from a Norse word meaning â€Å"sly,† seldom seen except in the phrase â€Å"sleight of hand,† which refers to deception or an act of deception, usually in the concept of a magic trick. However, the writer is referring to a discourtesy, so the word intended is slight, which derives from an Old English word meaning â€Å"smooth†: â€Å"His follow-up comment only further inflamed their passions about his perceived slight against the higher art.† 2. This assessment should hone in on how decisions are made, how people collaborate, and how work is conducted. Here, the error is of substitution of a near-homophonic word. To hone is to sharpen or otherwise improve (as in developing a skill); to home in on is to focus on a target. The latter meaning is intended, so the latter word should be used: â€Å"This assessment should home in on how decisions are made, how people collaborate, and how work is conducted.† 3. This approach will help organizations gain operational efficiencies that lower costs and facilitate an increase in loan volume. In this case, an ambiguous word is used at a key juncture- lower can serve as either an adjective or as a verb, and it might be misread as the former when it functions as the latter here. For greater clarity, replace it with an unambiguous synonym: â€Å"This approach will help organizations gain operational efficiencies that decrease costs and facilitate an increase in loan volume.† You can read 3 more types of usage error here. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Usage Review category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:How to Structure A Story: The Eight-Point ArcDriver License vs. Driver’s License8 Great Podcasts for Writers and Book Authors